CI854AK01 CI854AK01
單模光纖的帶寬zui寬,多模漸變光纖次之,多模突變光纖的帶寬zui窄;單模光纖適于大容量遠距離通信,多模漸變光纖適于中等容量中等距離的通信,而多模突變光纖只適于小容量的短距離通信。
在實際光纖傳輸系統中,還應配置與光纖配套的光源發生器件和光檢測器件。目前zui常見的光源發生器件是發光二極管(LED)和注入激光二極管(ILD)。光檢測器件是在接收端能夠將光信號轉化成電信號的器件,目前使用的光檢測器件有光電二極管(PIN)和雪崩光電二極管(APD),光電二極管的價格較便宜,然而雪崩光電二極管卻具有較高的靈敏度。
與一般的導向性通信介質相比,光纖具有很多優點:
1)光纖支持很寬的帶寬,其范圍大約在 1014~1015 HZ之間,這個范圍覆蓋了紅外線和可見光的頻譜。
2)具有很快的傳輸速率,當前限制其所能實現的傳輸速率的因素來自信號生成技術。
3)光纖抗電磁*力強,由于光纖中傳輸的是不受外界電磁干擾的光束,而光束本身又不向外輻射,因此它適用于長距離的信息傳輸及安全性要求較高的場合。
4)光纖衰減較小,中繼器的間距較大。采用光纖傳輸信號時,在較長距離內可以不設置信號放大設備,從而減少了整個系統中繼器的數目。
當然光纖也存在一些缺點,如系統成本較高、不易安裝與維護、質地脆易斷裂等。
1.并行通信與串行通信
數據通信主要有并行通信和串行通信兩種方式。
并行通信是以字節或字為單位的數據傳輸方式,除了8根或16根數據線、一根公共線外,還需要數據通信聯絡用的控制線。并行通信的傳送速度快,但是傳輸線的根數多,成本高,一般用于近距離的數據傳送。并行通信一般用于PLC的內部,如PLC內部元件之間、PLC主機與擴展模塊之間或近距離智能模塊之間的數據通信。
串行通信是以二進制的位(bit)為單位的數據傳輸方式,每次只傳送一位,除了地線外,在一個數據傳輸方向上只需要一根數據線,這根線既作為數據線又作為通信聯絡控制線,數據和聯絡信號在這根線上按位進行傳送。串行通信需要的信號線少,zui少的只需要兩三根線,適用于距離較遠的場合。計算機和PLC都備有通用的串行通信接口,工業控制中一般使用串行通信。串行通信多用于PLC與計算機之間、多臺PLC之間的數據通信。
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